∝
Proportional To Symbol (∝)
Copy and paste the proportional to symbol ∝ — click the button or any variant below
Proportional To Symbol Copy and Paste
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∝
Proportional To
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Tilde Operator
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About the Proportional To Symbol
Last reviewed on October 1, 2026
The proportional-to symbol ∝ says one quantity scales with another: y ∝ x means y = kx for some constant k.
Where ∝ is used
- Physics laws (F ∝ 1/r²).
- Bayesian statistics (posterior ∝ likelihood × prior).
- Scaling relationships in engineering and biology.
Related characters
Browse the full Mathematical Symbols list, or pick a sibling character from the grid below.
How to Type the Proportional To Symbol
Windows: Type 221D then press Alt+X in Word to convert it into ∝
Mac: Press Ctrl+Cmd+Space to open the Character Viewer and search for “proportional”
Microsoft Word: Type 221D then press Alt+X to convert it into ∝
LaTeX: \propto in math mode
HTML: Use the entity ∝ or the numeric code ∝
Phone & tablet: Copying ∝ from this page is fastest — see our mobile typing guide for keyboard tricks
Proportional To Symbol Code for HTML, CSS & JavaScript
HTML: ∝
CSS: content: '\221D';
JavaScript: '\u221D'
Unicode: U+221D
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I type the proportional to symbol ∝ on Windows?
Type 221D then press Alt+X in Word to convert it into ∝. You can also copy ∝ straight from this page — it pastes into any app.
How do I type ∝ on a Mac?
Press Ctrl+Cmd+Space to open the Character Viewer and search for “proportional”.
What is the Unicode and HTML code for the proportional to symbol?
The proportional to symbol is Unicode code point U+221D. In HTML, use ∝ or the numeric reference ∝.
How do I write ∝ in LaTeX?
Use \propto in math mode, for example $\propto$.